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The Information Age's Incomplete Deployment

Perez's thesis that the ICT revolution's deployment phase never fully arrived — leaving AI to inherit a society with weaker institutional infrastructure than any previous turning point has required.
The information and telecommunications revolution that irrupted in 1971 should, following Perez's pattern, have entered a deployment phase after its turning point — the dot-com crash of 2000 and the financial crisis of 2008. It did not. The gains of the digital revolution remained concentrated among platform companies and their shareholders. The institutional innovations that every previous golden age required — educational reform, labor market restructuring, modernized social insurance, governance frameworks adequate to the new paradigm — were delayed, diluted, or blocked by political dynamics that Perez had been warning about since the early 2000s. The deployment phase was not realized. AI has arrived into the resulting institutional vacuum.
The Information Age's Incomplete Deployment
The Information Age's Incomplete Deployment

In The You On AI Encyclopedia

The evidence of incomplete deployment is visible across every dimension of contemporary life. Educational institutions designed for the information age are training students in skills that AI commoditizes faster than students can acquire them. Labor market protections designed for the industrial employment relationship do not accommodate the AI-augmented work rapidly becoming the norm. Social insurance systems designed for cyclical layoffs cannot address the structural displacement of knowledge workers whose professional identities are being reconfigured. Governance frameworks designed for physical products and localized services cannot keep pace with a technology that evolves faster than legislative processes.

The consequences compound. The political coalitions that drove previous turning-point reforms — organized labor, reform movements, progressive political parties — were weakened during the ICT installation phase and further eroded by the 2008 crisis and its aftermath. The social movements that might have demanded deployment-phase institutions were atomized by the very digital technologies that should have been their infrastructure. The result is a society entering the AI turning point with weaker institutional capacity, weaker political coalitions, and weaker institutional imagination than any society has brought to a turning point since the early industrial era.

AI's Place in History
AI's Place in History

Edo Segal, in You On AI, arrived at a structurally equivalent observation from inside the revolution itself. His metaphor — the river of intelligence flowing faster than the structures built to direct it — captures the consequence of the deployment deficit. Perez's framework provides the historical scaffolding that explains why the dams are not adequate: because the previous revolution's turning point was never fully resolved, and the institutional infrastructure that should have been built in the 2010s was never constructed.

The diagnosis makes the current turning point more urgent than any previous one. Previous turning points inherited stronger institutional infrastructures from their predecessors. The AI turning point inherits the deficit of a failed deployment — and must construct, at compressed speed, institutions that should have been built decades earlier.

Origin

Perez began warning about the incomplete deployment of the ICT revolution in the years following the 2008 financial crisis, arguing that the crisis had failed to produce the institutional reckoning that should have transitioned the revolution from installation to deployment.

Key Ideas

Deployment never arrived. The ICT revolution's turning point passed without producing the institutional innovations every golden age requires.

Deployment Phase
Deployment Phase

Gains concentrated. Platform companies and shareholders captured the revolution's benefits; broad distribution did not follow.

Political coalitions weakened. The constituencies that drove previous turning-point reforms were atomized during the ICT installation.

AI inherits the deficit. The current turning point begins with weaker institutional infrastructure than any previous one.

Compressed urgency. Institutions that should have been built over the 2010s must now be constructed at AI speed.

Debates & Critiques

Whether the ICT deployment can still be completed — or whether it is permanently forestalled — is contested. Some argue that the AI turning point may produce the political conditions for the delayed deployment of the ICT revolution alongside whatever AI-specific institutions are needed. Others argue that the institutional deficit is now so deep that full deployment is no longer achievable under existing political systems.

Further Reading

  1. Carlota Perez, "What Is AI's Place in History?" (2024)
  2. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)
  3. Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State (2013)
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