Jane Jacobs (1916–2006) was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and came to intellectual prominence through work no credential had authorized. She wrote for Architectural Forum, walked the streets of Greenwich Village, and produced in 1961 The Death and Life of Great American Cities — a book that mounted a devastating critique of modernist urban planning and reoriented the field around the observation of how cities actually work rather than how they were supposed to work. She followed it with The Economy of Cities (1969) and Cities and the Wealth of Nations (1984), developing the theories of import replacement and economic diversity that became foundational to heterodox economic thinking about development.
Jacobs's method was observational rather than theoretical. She watched. She counted. She noted the uses, the hours, the people, the transactions. The theories emerged from the watching. This methodological commitment — to empirical observation of functioning complex systems,