Value Pluralism

Value pluralism is the philosophical position Berlin spent his career defending: that the ultimate values by which human beings live — liberty, equality, justice, mercy, efficiency, meaning, creativity, community — are genuinely multiple, genuinely conflict with one another, and cannot be ranked on a single scale or arranged in a harmonious system where nothing of worth is sacrificed. Berlin distinguished this position sharply from both monism, which holds that apparent conflicts among values must dissolve under deeper analysis, and relativism, which treats values as merely subjective preferences. The pluralist position insists that the values are objective — recognizable as genuine goods by any morally serious person — while also insisting that the conflicts among them are real and permanent. This is harder to live with than either alternative, which is why monism and relativism both remain attractive to people who find the pluralist's demand for choice under irreducible uncertainty too difficult to sustain.