Contingencies of Reinforcement

Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis, published in 1969 by Appleton-Century-Crofts, is Skinner's most systematic theoretical work after Science and Human Behavior (1953). The volume collected essays and chapters written across the 1950s and 1960s into a coherent statement of the operant framework at the peak of its development. It contains the sentence that appears as the epigraph of the Skinner volume in the You On AI Field Guide: "The real question is not whether machines think but whether men do." The book is simultaneously a technical treatise on behavioral analysis, a philosophical defense of the behaviorist position against cognitive alternatives, and an applied argument about how the science could contribute to education, clinical intervention, and social design. Its continued relevance to AI was not anticipated by its author and is among the more surprising features of the book's afterlife.