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Ndzendze and Marwala
Authors of the 2023 Artificial Intelligence and International Relations — the analytical extension of Kindleberger's hegemonic stability theory to the AI governance challenge.
Bhaso Ndzendze (University of Johannesburg) and Tshilidzi Marwala (Rector of the United Nations University) co-authored Artificial Intelligence and International Relations Theories in 2023, providing the most sustained theoretical application of Kindleberger's hegemonic stability framework to contemporary AI governance. Their analysis identified the structural parallel between the 1930s failure of international coordination — when Britain could no longer play the hegemonic role and the United States was not yet willing to — and the emerging AI governance failure in which neither the United States nor China provides the public goods the transition requires.
In The You On AI Field Guide
Their analytical contribution extends Kindleberger in two important directions. First, they document the specific mechanisms through which AI governance produces Kindleberger Trap dynamics: the asymmetric concentration of AI capabilities in a small number of firms whose home governments are engaged in strategic competition, the difficulty of establishing shared safety standards when the competing powers view safety research as a competitive disadvantage, the absence of neutral institutional venues where coordination