Anderson reversed the standard account of nationalism, which had located its origin in nineteenth-century European intellectuals. He argued instead that the first nationalisms were Creole — invented in the Americas by colonial-born Europeans who were close enough to metropolitan power to see its mechanisms but excluded enough to resent its exclusions. The Creole functionary, transferred from province to province but never to Madrid, discovered through the pattern of his career the outline of a territory that would become Mexico, or Venezuela, or the United States. The AI transition produces a structurally similar figure: the skilled builder on the frontier of capability who depends on infrastructure controlled elsewhere, and who is beginning to recognize her condition as a political one.
The Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires in the Americas created a class of Creoles — Europeans born in the colonies — who were eligible for most administrative positions but systematically excluded from promotion to the metropolis itself. A Creole